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Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is another neurotrophic virus that has a predilection for the trigeminal ganglion. The primary infection usually occurs in early childhood as chickenpox, which got its name from the blisters on the skin that resemble chickpeas. Primary infection with VZV is nearly universal in childhood but can be so mild that it is missed. However, if acquired in infancy or adulthood or by immunocompromised persons, it can be fatal. Unlike HSV, VZV becomes latent in multiple ganglia simultaneously. It reactivates, usually in the elderly, as a vesicular rash commonly called shingles.

The name derives from the Latin cingulum, which means girdle or belt, because of its distribution along a single dermatome. The exact triggers for reactivation are unknown, but decreased cellular immunity is common in those who have shingles. It is estimated that 95% of adults in the United States have antibodies to VZV and that 300,000 to 500,000 individuals are affected by shingles each year. Of these herpes zoster cases, approximately 25% are herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). Diagnosis The brief prodrome of HZO consists of fever, malaise, and chills. The initial symptom is hyperesthesia or paresthesia, which may be severe, along the affected dermatome.

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This is followed by a maculopapular rash that becomes vesicular and finally pustular before crusting ( Figure 9). One common feature of HZO is severe eyelid edema that accompanies the rash and that can be mistaken for preseptal cellulitis. If the tip of the nose is affected by reactivation along the nasociliary nerve (as manifested by the appearance of cutaneous vesicles—the Hutchinson sign), there is almost always ocular involvement. Genesis 2 female starter essentials torrent free.

Although the Hutchinson sign is a good rule of thumb, it is neither sensitive nor specific, and ocular involvement can occur in the absence of this sign. Ocular zoster can affect any part of the eye from the conjunctiva to the optic nerve. It can cause keratitis, scleritis, uveitis, trabeculitis, choroiditis, acute retinal necrosis, optic neuritis, nerve palsies, and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Discussion of these noncorneal infections is beyond the scope of this module. Keratitis can be classified as acute or chronic/relapsing, both of which can lead to long-term sequelae. Acute Keratitis Acute keratitis can occur up to 1 month following the onset of dermatitis.